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A/D Converters for Telecommunications 
Pfäffikon, Zurich (Switzerland) 

October 22, 2001 


Summary
  A/D converters play an important role in modern telecommunication systems. The development of faster and more accurate A/D converters is currently driven equally by the development of new wire-bound communications services such as ADSL and VDSL and by the needs of third-generation wireless systems such as UMTS.

This workshop will discuss two quite different A/D converter architectures, namely sigma-delta converters and the employment of this architecture for high-speed designs, as well as two of the most promising Nyquist-rate converter architectures available today, which are the pipelined architecture and folding and interpolating converters. 

The discussion of the different converter types starts with the basic principles of the architecture. The design process is described with special emphasis on achieving high accuracy, high speed and low power consumption. The presentations also include actual design examples.


 
Presentations
click title for abstract
Title
Speaker
Introduction to Sigma-Delta Converters
(download PDF, 258kB)
Prof. Dr. Qiuting Huang
High-Bandwidth Lowpass Sigma-Delta A/D Converters
(download PDF, 386kB)
Pio Balmelli
Bandpass Sigma-Delta Converters for Communications
(download PDF, 2520kB)
Thomas Burger
High-Speed Sigma-Delta D/A Converters
(download PDF, 216kB)
Pier Andrea Francese
Nyquist-rate A/D Converters - A General Overview
(download PDF, 66kB)
Dr. Clemens Hammerschmied
Pipelined A/D Converters for Telecommunication Applications
(download PDF, 158kB)
Dr. Clemens Hammerschmied
High-Speed Folding and Interpolation A/D Converters
(download PDF, 355kB)
Jürgen Hertle

 
 
Introduction to Sigma-Delta Converters (PDF, 258kB)
  The first talk gives an overview on A/D converters in general. The important 
parameters that describe the performance of an A/D converter are discussed. 
In a second step, the fundamentals of the Sigma-Delta architecture are 
presented. This includes the discussion of oversampling and noise-shaping as 
well as the general architecture of Sigma-Delta converters.
High-Bandwidth Lowpass Sigma-Delta A/D Converters (PDF, 386kB)
  Oversampled baseband Sigma-Delta A/D converters are appreciated for their 
advantages: they do not require a precise sample-and-hold stage, they relax the 
requirements on the anti-aliasing filter and they achieve a very good linearity 
(> 14 bit) despite the use of imprecise building blocks. However the need for 
oversampling reduces the achievable bandwidth and makes Sigma-Delta 
A/D converters less suitable for high bandwidth communication applications. 
During the last years the improvement of technologies and the introduction of 
special architectures that require lower oversampling ratios have allowed to 
boost the conversion speed. In this course a discussion of the main Sigma-Delta 
filter architectures is presented, their advantages and disadvantages for 
achieving high speed and low oversampling ratio are pointed out. As a final 
example, the design of a 14-bit, 2.5 Msample/s Sigma-Delta A/D converter that 
consumes only 33 mW is presented.
Bandpass Sigma-Delta Converters for Communications (PDF, 2520kB)
  Bandpass Sigma-Delta modulators operate much in the same manner as 
conventional (lowpass) modulators and retain many of their advantages over 
Nyquist-rate converters. The primary motivation for the development of 
bandpass converters is the simplicity they impart to systems dealing with 
narrow-band signals. Such systems include radio-frequency (RF) communication 
systems, spectrum analyzers, and special-purpose instrumentation for 
narrow-band sources. In the context of a communication system, early 
conversion to digital at either the intermediate or radio frequency stage 
results in a more robust system with improved intermediate-frequency (IF) 
strip testability and provides opportunities for dealing with the multitude of 
standards present in commercial broadcasting and telecommunications. This 
contribution reviews the lowpass to bandpass transformation for Sigma-Delta 
modulators and discusses different variants of implementation. A larger part 
is devoted to circuit level optimization, especially the power optimization of 
the amplifiers. As an example, a UMTS/GSM dual standard Sigma-Delta modulator 
for IF reception is presented.
High-Speed Sigma-Delta D/A Converters (PDF, 216kB)
  The strong demand for providing high data rates to residential and small 
company networks, regardless of the medium used, asks for new products 
generating and receiving signals with bandwidth exceeding 1 MHz and a 
resolution of 12-14 bits. There is a strong incentive to implement analog 
front-end ICs in standard CMOS process technology. The talk explores the use of 
Sigma-Delta modulation for D/A converter mainly targeted to xDSL applications. 
While Sigma-Delta modulation is the technique of choice for low-speed, 
high-resolution D/A converters, especially for digital audio applications, it 
provides a viable alternative for higher bandwidth applications as well. 
Several reported architectures and design techniques are presented together 
with guidelines proved by the speaker during the development of an experimental 
prototype.
Nyquist A/D Converters - A General Overview (PDF, 66kB)
  The second big group of A/D converters is of the Nyquist type. In contrast to 
Sigma-Delta architectures, no oversampling is performed. The prototype of this 
class of converters is the full flash A/D converter. Although invented over 
forty years ago, it is still the fastest architecture available today. 

After repeating the most important specifications of Nyquist A/D converters, 
the talk concentrates on converter architectures. Although the flash converter 
achieves unmatched conversion speed, its main disadvantage is the exponential 
growth of power and area consumption with increased number of bits. Two 
alternative architectures are therefore discussed which play a major role in 
today's high-speed A/D converter development: the pipelined architecture on the 
one hand and the folding and interpolating type on the other.

Pipelined A/D Converters for Telecommunication Applications (PDF, 158kB)
  The pipelined A/D converter architecture, which has become feasible with the 
development of CMOS processes which small feature size and thus capable of 
delivering high speed, is one of the most important converter types today. 

Th discussion begins with a stroll through architectures of important building 
blocks such as the A/D subconverter, the D/A converter and the sample-and-hold 
stage. Some time is spent on the residue mechanism which is the key in 
understanding the digital error correction algorithm as well as other sources 
of error that affect linearity. The talk is rounded off by the presentation of 
the design of a 5 Msample/s 13-bit A/D converter.

High-Speed Folding And Interpolation A/D Converters (PDF, 355kB)
  The talk on folding and interpolating ADCs starts with a short introduction of 
the basic operation principles of this architecture. After that the limitations 
of the static accuracy are discussed. The following part presents several 
techniques to overcome these limitations and to improve the accuracy of the 
converter. Conversion rate and noise issues are treated subsequently. At 
the end some measurement results of an integrated 8-bit 50 Msample/s folding 
and interpolating converter are presented.

Last update: November 19, 2001